March 11, 2022 In my work researching materials from the Witherill Collection, a collection of documents and objects relating to the grand ocean liners of the 20th century, it has often been frustrating trying to learn more about women’s stories. The passenger lists we have are full of interesting and accomplished men and, no doubt women, but even … Continue reading "Women’s History on the QUEEN ELIZABETH"
In my work researching materials from the Witherill Collection, a collection of documents and objects relating to the grand ocean liners of the 20th century, it has often been frustrating trying to learn more about women’s stories. The passenger lists we have are full of interesting and accomplished men and, no doubt women, but even the women who seem to be traveling without a husband are often identified only by their husbands’ name or initials. Sometimes, though, a woman passenger does stand out for her title or her name.
A wonderful example is this passenger list for the QUEEN ELIZABETH’s voyage departing New York on September 18, 1947 for Southampton, England. It is full of interesting men: Allen W. Dulles, the future director of the CIA; H.S.M. Burns, the president of the Shell Oil Company; Dr. Hajo Holborn, Yale professor of history; Dr. Otto Stern, a Nobel Prize winning physicist at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh; Harvard philosopher Dr. Ralph Barton Perry. There are also a number of Congressmen listed, including John Davis Lodge, who later became the governor of Connecticut. Clearly, it was a post-war moment when Americans were eagerly embracing European travel again.
But there, at the bottom of the first page of names, is “Congresswoman Frances Boulton.” On further investigation, it turns out that this 1947 voyage represented both a turning point in U.S. history and a milestone for women in politics.
Frances Payne Bolton (the passenger list misspells it) was Ohio’s first Congresswoman and one of just a handful of women in the House of Representatives. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, she was an heiress to the Standard Oil fortune, making her one of the richest women in America. Her husband, Chester Castle Bolton, was the Congressman for Ohio’s 22nd District, and when he passed away, Frances Payne Bolton ran in the special election for his seat. This was often how women managed to get a foothold in politics in this time period. The men who encouraged her to run for her husband’s office thought she would serve out his term and then retire from politics. Instead, she continued to serve and win elections for 28 years.
Congresswoman Frances Bolton. Wikimedia Commons.
In the fall of 1947, Congress sent many of its members on fact-finding missions abroad. It was a crucial moment: the US had emerged from World War II as a new superpower, with parts of western Europe in ruins, while the USSR seemed to be engaged in a power grab. The world’s hunger for Middle Eastern oil was clear, and the United Nations was attempting to resolve a fiery situation in British Palestine.
By this time, Frances Bolton was a seasoned member of Congress and served on the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. In the fall of 1947, as chair of a subcommittee studying the situation in the Near East, she made history, becoming the first woman ever to lead a Congressional delegation. On October 4, she and her colleague Congressman Chester E. Merrow of New Hampshire arrived in Jerusalem to meet with all parties. This September 18 passenger list is from their trip over to England, before continuing on to Jerusalem.
Bolton and Merrow issued a report in early 1948 about what they had seen and heard. Their report back to the Committee on Foreign Affairs includes a paragraph about their voyage on the QUEEN ELIZABETH and how it helped shape their experience.
Already 55 years old when she was first elected, Frances Bolton threw herself into her public service and into the minute details of foreign policy. At a time when many women’s lives are barely visible in the historical record, she went on fact-gathering voyages, wrote reports and gave speeches that were instrumental in forming American understandings of the post-war world, of the Communist threat, and of policy towards the Middle East and Africa.
Michelle Turner, IMLS Cataloging Supervisor
References and Further Reading:
https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/frances-bolton
https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/678
Committee on Foreign Affairs. House. National and International Movements. Report of Hon. Frances P. Bolton, Ohio and Hon. Chester E. Merrow, N.H. Relative to the Near East (and other Points Visited). Jan. 1, 1948. 80th Congress. https://li.proquest.com/elhpdf/histcontext/CMP-1948-FOA-0033.pdf
Bolton, Frances P. The Strategy and Tactics of World Communism: Report [of] Subcommittee No. 5, National and International Movements , with Supplement I, One Hundred Years of Communism, 1848-1948, and Supplement II, Official Protests of the United States Government Against Communist Policies or Actions, and Related Correspondence. [July 1945-Dec. 1947]. United States: U.S. Government Print., Office, 1948. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Strategy_and_Tactics_of_World_Commun/_Kk3AAAAIAAJ?hl=en
The Life of Frances Payne Bolton https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3I3EfHHlPYw
May 23, 2021 Two small collections of papers in the G.W. Blunt White Library illuminate how United States merchantmen trading with Europe faced many obstacles during the early 19th century as continual warfare convulsed the continent. France’s emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte, issued the so-called Berlin Decree in 1806 that tried to blockade any trade, including that of neutral nations, … Continue reading "Early 19th-Century Neutral Trade Documents at Mystic Seaport Museum"
Two small collections of papers in the G.W. Blunt White Library illuminate how United States merchantmen trading with Europe faced many obstacles during the early 19th century as continual warfare convulsed the continent. France’s emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte, issued the so-called Berlin Decree in 1806 that tried to blockade any trade, including that of neutral nations, with Britain. The British responded with a policy that allowed neutral ships to trade with the Continent only if they first touched at British ports, discharged their cargoes and paid a tax for an export license. In response, Napoleon then issued the Milan Decrees in 1807 that ordered that any ships that had touched British ports before sailing into French, or its allies’ territorial waters, be seized and condemned.
Neutral shipping, most importantly that of the United States, faced the dilemma of being seized by the Royal Navy if they failed to touch on a British port and pay the tax before proceeding to the Continent, or seized by the French or its allies if they did. This was the difficult situation faced by the United States ship Commerce in 1806 and 1807, and the merchant vessel North America and 26 other vessels in 1809-1810.
George III safe passage document issued to Brig COMMERCE that proved to be ineffectual. In the first case, the Commerce sailed from Boston to Lisbon with a cargo of grain and merchandise. Cognizant of the dangers of carrying on trade in a wartime environment, the Commerce first made landfall in England and secured from the Government of George III a safe passage document. The ship proceeded to Lisbon without further incident and loaded a new cargo for Antwerp. Twice on the voyage British ships stopped the Commerce, but allowed it to proceed. Intercepted for a third time, however, the ship was captured by another British naval vessel and taken to England where it was detained until its case was resolved. The Commerce, and others, were caught in the confusing decrees and counter-decrees of the French and British.
In 1807 the Commerce once again set sail from Boston for Livorno, a customs free city in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Upon leaving Livorno with a new cargo the ship was seized by a Russian privateer and taken to the Island of Corfu, where it was condemned. Russia, of course, was at war with France. It was determined that the Commerce had unwittingly taken on a cargo of wheat in Livorno that had originated in Naples, a satellite kingdom of Napoleon. Legal proceedings taken against Russia by the United States in defense of American shipping dragged on until 1828 when the czar’s government agreed to pay an indemnity of 50,000 rubles.
In the case of the merchant vessel North America, in 1809 it was seized, captured and detained in Norway. The Kingdom of Denmark and Norway (united from 1536-1814) had been allied with the French since 1807 which is why they intercepted and seized neutral shipping. Court proceedings then determined if they had violated French decrees or if they were not in fact neutral vessels. If the Danish court was satisfied with the vessel’s papers they were cleared to trade. But if it was determined that they had touched at a British port or if the ships were not owned by a neutral country they were condemned and their ships and cargoes forfeited. The North America was one of 26 United States vessels detained in Norway at the time. In this instance, letters regarding the seizure were written by Samuel Longfellow, uncle of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, to his father Stephen and his brother in Gorham, Maine and John Quincy Adams was enlisted in attempts to free the ships.
Letter addressed to Stephen Longfellow, grandfather of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, from H.W> Longfellow’s uncle Samuel in 1809. These few instances allow an insight into the larger problem of neutral trade in wartime and the profound disruptions to commerce that ensued.
Thank you to Dr. Paul Goodwin, Library volunteer.
May 27, 2020 A crossing-the-line ceremony is something that many naval and merchant seamen have experienced. Traditionally, when a vessel passes over the equator, anyone aboard that is also crossing for the first time is initiated into the brotherhood of shellbacks by King Neptune himself, attended by his lovely court, of course. Duckings, being “shaved” with giant implements, … Continue reading "A New Shellback Crosses the Line"
A crossing-the-line ceremony is something that many naval and merchant seamen have experienced. Traditionally, when a vessel passes over the equator, anyone aboard that is also crossing for the first time is initiated into the brotherhood of shellbacks by King Neptune himself, attended by his lovely court, of course. Duckings, being “shaved” with giant implements, dosing with some sort of medicinal potion and being smeared with tar are just some of the events that might take place during a mandatory appearance at the good King’s court. Nowadays, even certificates of such a graduation into the ranks are made available to the “lucky” inductee. Below is one such certificate from 1982 issued to the recipient by Neptunus Rex and Davey Jones.
However, the tradition is a long one going back centuries. Looking back, we find the accompanying image in a rare book in the G.W. Blunt White Library’s collection at Mystic Seaport. “Crossing the Line” is from A Picturesque Voyage to India : by the Way of China , by Thomas Daniell and William Daniell published in London in 1810. Imagine the surprise of the passengers aboard as Neptune himself makes an appearance on deck to welcome new members to his company.
The following transcript from a journal 76 years later, in 1886, lays out the scene in dramatic fashion as the naval ship makes its way across the equator in the Atlantic Ocean. The author and inductee,William E. Safford, an ensign aboard the USS VANDALIA, appeared in an earlier post. The manuscript journal is part of the collection of the G.W. Blunt White Library.
“Sept. 23 ‘86
Crossing the Equator.
As we were to “cross the line” preparations were made for receiving Neptune on board; and for initiating all those on board who had not been across the line before. At half past nine in the forenoon, a grotesque procession issued from under the top gallant forecastle, headed by an old man with a long white beard and hair, wearing on his head a glittering crown and bearing in his hand a trident. He was all bedewed with the salty spray of the ocean from which he had just risen. Seated on a chariot drawn by ocean nymphs was his blushing bride Amphitrite whose fair curly locks were surmounted by a diadem. In her arms she held little Rhodi, her baby, wrapped up in her sea-blue mantle to screen her from the vulgar gaze of mortal eyes. The royal couple were attended by their Lord High Chamberlain and in their wake followed the barber and hairdresser to his majesty, his court physician, four Knights of the bath, and a train of attendants.
They were received by the officer of the deck and the Executive officer on the weather side of the quarter deck; and a number of officers who had not before been in his Majesty’s realm were presented with imposing ceremonies to both the King and his royal spouse by the Lord High Chamberlain. As they expressed their appreciation of the honor conferred upon them, and begged his Majesty that he would deign still further to add to their happiness by accepting some slight refreshment for himself and his retinue after their long journey from their palace beneath the sea; the gracious sovereign not only accepted the hospitality tendered him, but presented the officers with the following credentials, headed by a portrait of his majesty sitting in a shell and drawn over the blue sea by a pair of classic dolphins:
“Our Realm surrounds the World”.
Latitude 00 00
Longitude 30 33 West.
Know all men by these presents that Ensign W.E. Safford, U.S.N. having crossed our Realm on board the U.S.S. “Vandalia” in the service of his country and for honorable purposes and having complied with all the usages rules and customs in so visiting us, he is now declared
“Free of the Ocean” Given under our hand in the Reign of wind and water on this the 23 day of September 1886.
(Signed) Neptune, Rex.
After giving us our diplomas, the procession continued on its way, stopping at the bridge on the lee-side (port) of the deck. Here a throne had been erected for Neptune, Amphitrite remaining on her chariot with her baby in her arms. Just forward of the bridge a reservoir had been constructed out of a large tarpaulin (an awning coated with tar) by stopping its margin up to a height of about four feet above the deck, and allowing it to sag down in the middle. This was nearly filled with water. Just off of this, to the right of the throne was a stool mounted on a box.
Those of the crew who had never before crossed the Equator were brought in succession before the throne. Neptune waved them aside, and Amphitrite still seated on her chariot and with a pipe in her mouth, made them kiss the baby, whose face had been coated with a mixture of shoe-blacking and grease.
They were then seated in a chair where the court dentist examined their teeth with a huge pair of forceps and the court physician administered to them some physic from a bottle armed with a bunch of needles which stuck into their faces. They were then placed in the barbers chair on the margin of the pool; their faces were lathered with a disgusting black sticky mixture and then scraped by an enormous razor of wood. Suddenly they were tumbled heels over head into the pool and after having been held under for a short while by the Knights of the bath were allowed to clamber out, in the sorriest plight one could well imagine. Some of the victims went through the ordeal good naturedly. Others hid themselves in different parts of the ship but were ferreted out by the detectives of the court. One coal-heaver afforded much amusement by trying to escape into the fore-top. Before he was half way up the rigging he had two of the police hanging from his legs and a number of others forcing him down from above. When finally dragged to the chair, he submitted with very bad grace, grappling with the barber and trying to pull him into the pool. He was vigorously smeared with the lather, receiving an extra dose in the mouth, and was tumbled writhing and kicking into the water receiving an extra ducking for his resistance. When he emerged from the water he fairly roared like a wild beast.
Every one of the crew on board ship who had not before crossed the line underwent the initiation, the majority with very good grace. The ship’s corporal insisted that he had been across, but being brought before the board of inquisition, he could not bring forward sufficient evidence to convince them. Of the entire marine guard but a single man had before crossed the line—and beginning with the Orderly Sergeant, they all submitted to the ordeal. Taking the ceremony altogether it was very amusing and it did much to relieve the monotony of our voyage. No real indignity was offered the subjects of initiation. After every man had been declared a son of Neptune, the chief actors in the function proceeded to unmask themselves. Neptune and Mrs. Neptune tore off their beard and tresses of manilla, the baby proved to be a swab dressed for the occasion, and the various retainers jumped into the pool and began to scrub off the lamp-black and vermillion with which their faces were liberally smeared. Mrs. Neptune’s face especially was a work of art, so delicately were her cheeks tinted.
Crossed the line between 11.30 and noon.
Lat. at noon 0 03 S.
Long. “ “ 30 54 W.
Temperature between 78 and 80 F. Saw a number of flying fish. Scarcely realize that we had passed under equator from delightful trip.”
Ensign Safford’s journal is a study in keen observation, especially of the natural world. Here his ability to examine and understand a situation does us well with his description of a ceremony that is legendary in nature yet rarely described in full. And as can be seen from his description and the image from 1810, the ceremony had changed little to that point.
Thank you Paul Goodwin for a faithful transcription.
